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41.
H. Weimerskirch D.P. Filippi J. Collet S.M. Waugh S.C. Patrick 《Conservation biology》2018,32(1):240-245
Despite international waters covering over 60% of the world's oceans, understanding of how fisheries in these regions shape ecosystem processes is surprisingly poor. Seabirds forage at fishing vessels, which has potentially deleterious effects for their population, but the extent of overlap and behavior in relation to ships is poorly known. Using novel biologging devices, which detect radar emissions and record the position of boats and seabirds, we measured the true extent of the overlap between seabirds and fishing vessels and generated estimates of the intensity of fishing and distribution of vessels in international waters. During breeding, wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) from the Crozet Islands patrolled an area of over 10 million km2 at distances up to 2500 km from the colony. Up to 79.5% of loggers attached to birds detected vessels. The extent of overlap between albatrosses and fisheries has widespread implications for bycatch risk in seabirds and reveals the areas of intense fishing throughout the ocean. We suggest that seabirds equipped with radar detectors are excellent monitors of the presence of vessels in the Southern Ocean and offer a new way to monitor the presence of illegal fisheries and to better understand the impact of fisheries on seabirds. 相似文献
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根据人-机系统中人的操作行为具有时序性和差错可纠正性的特点,结合船舶舱室行为形成主因子,开展船舶舱室人因可靠性研究。以人因失误的时序性和差错纠正参数为基础,建立人-机系统中操作者行为模式和人因失误事件树模型。通过对人的差错纠正能力的分析,开展人因可靠性量化模型纠正理论研究。最后,以船舶舱室操作台的监控任务人因可靠性为例进行量化计算,定量评估操作人员执行任务的可靠度。 相似文献
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通过对容积为504.94m3的某型号压力容器出厂前水压试验的声发射检测,分析了其在升压和保压过程中的声发射信号特征及其来源。结合AE信号参数、波形及定位图分析,对该容器进行了声发射活性评价,确定需要后续复检的强活性区域。文章为压力容器的声发射检测和安全评价提供了理论指导和参考数据。 相似文献
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The purpose of this study was a refinement of knowledge on predicting the ejection velocities of fragments generated by explosions of cylindrical horizontal pressure vessels. A procedure is proposed for assessing these velocities by means of the stochastic simulation. The procedure is used to quantify uncertainties related to the ejection velocities and to carry out a simulation-based sensitivity analysis. The main finding is that the currently available information on phenomena related to the vessel fragmentation is sparse and, therefore, predicting ejection velocities will require a substantial amount of subjective judgement. It was found that ejection velocities are functions of a relatively large number of random input variables, many of which must be modelled subjectively. The study revealed also the need to choose subjectively between several alternative mathematical models used to specify input variables that influence the ejection velocities. The most critical choice must be made between several models used for an assessment of the energy liberated during vessel explosions. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the ejection velocities are influenced mainly by input variables used to express energies involved in the prediction problem. Increased sensitivity to filling ratio of a two-phase pressure vessel was also detected. Results of the study can be used for an improvement of estimation of fragment impact probabilities and design of protective barriers that are built close to the pressure vessels posing explosion hazard. 相似文献
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为准确反映含点腐蚀缺陷复合板压力容器的安全状态,在复合结构弹性力学分析的基础上,通过工程实例,采用运行适应性(FFS)评价方法对其进行安全评定与剩余寿命评估。结果表明:复合板压力容器安全评定时应考虑覆材的影响,依据提出的力学模型分别对覆材厚度计入和不计入强度设计2种情况进行应力校核,同时结合蚀孔的分布特征,对其特征尺寸进行统计学平均后计算剩余强度。在剩余寿命预测中,已考虑蚀孔直径和深度随时间变化对剩余强度的影响。通过计算最大工作压力(MAWP)参量,已对某一压力容器进行寿命评估。 相似文献
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压力容器气体非稳态泄漏模型研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为计算气体在非稳态泄漏过程中的泄漏率,提高危害后果评估的量化水平,对压力容器失效后气体泄漏过程进行了研究。基于现有的初始泄漏率模型,结合实际泄漏过程中压力容器内各项状态参数的动态变化规律,构建气体非稳态泄漏模型,并通过计算实例进行分析和验证。结果表明,该模型可计算压力容器气体非稳态泄漏过程中(包括音速泄漏阶段和亚音速泄漏阶段)任意时刻容器内的各项状态参数值和孔口处气体的平均泄漏率;同时,对于储存压力较高(大于3.0 MPa)的容器,提出近似计算总平均泄漏率的2种简化方法。 相似文献
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针对从国外拆迁进口的成套化工装置中旧压力容器存在的问题,以顺酐装置旧压力容器安全性能监督检验的实例为核心,探讨了此类压力容器在重新安装之前进行安全性能监督检验的处理对策以及对检验出的缺陷处理方法,对进口旧压力容器的安全性能监督检验有一定的借鉴作用。 相似文献